CORRESPONDENCE | ONE WORD | GRAMMAR | PHRASES | BUSINESS | REVIEW | ARTICLES | INTERESTING | PROVERBS | SYNTAX | LINKS | CORRECTIONS

Correspondence___ back

Этот раздел предназначен для ответов на ваши вопросы, а также для прочих посланий, которые автор рассылки захочет адресовать всем своим подписчикам. Присылайте вопросы, ответы, предложения, впечатления, критику и т.д. и т. п.: kosandr111@chat.ru?Subject=English

<< Рад сообщить всем подписавшимся на рассылку, что в скором времени основные материалы, отсортированные по разделам, а также сами выпуски рассылки, будут размещены на официальном сайте рассылки "Продвинутый English". На сайте будет работать форум, где можно будет задать вопрос и получить на него ответ. Кстати, форумом можете начинать пользоваться уже сейчас!!! Адрес форума: http://narod.yandex.ru/userforum/?owner=edvenglish Дискуссионная группа рассылки "FluentEnglish", должно быть, отличное (от других) средство коммуникации между подписчиками. Если эти слова подтвердит практика, то … будет еще одна дискуссионная группа. А пока же, уважаемые, принимайте очередную порцию информации.

ONE WORD ___ back

providential - 1) благоприятный, удачный, счастливый 2) предопределенный

propitious - 1) благоприятный, подходящий, удобный 2) благосклонный, благожелательный

auspicious - благоприятный

providential: ~ ‘noun’| propitious: ~ ‘noun’, to be ~ | auspicious: ~ ‘noun’, to be ~

And indeed, by a providential error of the French geographer, who had written the letter, the east coast of New Zealand was mentioned as the place of destination. The Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne "The letter is dated yesterday morning; and apparently, if it had not been for the providential arrival of that Englishman, the poor fellow would have taken advantage of Monsieur de Sallenauve's absence last night to kill himself." The Deputy of Arcis, by Honore de Balzac Let us hope that before that day comes God may raise up in France a providential man, one of those Elect who give a new mind to nations, and like Sylla or like Marius, whether he comes from above or rises from below, remakes society." The Village Rector, by Honore de Balzac "Why, Jane," he cried, "what do you mean? What has our providential rescue to do with altering your feelings toward me? The Return Of Tarzan, by Edgar Rice Burroughs She thought it marvelous that we should have been spared in so providential a manner, and I had a pretty speech upon my tongue's end, but lacked the nerve to deliver it. The Land that Time Forgot, by Edgar Rice Burroughs He can use his brains, that young fellow. I congratulated him. The discovery was a providential one. The Secret Adversary, by Agatha Christie David, it was a providential weakness, or curiosity, that prompted me to go into the front room, and then I saw why Lindy had opened the door to her. The Crossing, by Winston Churchill "DEAR MADAM--I cannot but regard it as providential circumstance that your niece, in writing to you from my house, should have mentioned, among other events of her school life, the arrival of my new teacher, Miss Jethro. I Say No, by Wilkie Collins "What a providential thing that this young man should press his right thumb against the wall in taking his hat from the peg! The Return of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle "Perfect confidence," he answered; "and I acknowledge it most gratefully, as a providential circumstance, that Captain Huntly had given him the command in time. The Survivors of the Chancellor, by Jules Verne [- by the interposition of Providence — с помощью силы провидения]

The moment seemed propitious for Rabourdin. Bureaucracy, by Honore de Balzac She had a policy of her own; she was on the watch for circumstances, awaiting the propitious moment for a move with the shrewdness of maternal instinct. An Old Maid, by Honore de Balzac "I hope that you may find a propitious moment," he said,with a laugh, "for it is certain that in all my life I have never seen one in which a prisoner of the First Born might escape." The Gods of Mars, by Edgar Rice Burroughs There was nothing to be done, therefore, but wait until some propitious event gave him the opportunity to approach more closely the Serbian boundary and Lutha. The Mad King, by Edgar Rice Burroughs He awaited the propitious moment with the crafty patience of the sick.That moment arrived. Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo, trans. Isabel F. Hapgood She'd insist on everything's being made comfortable, advantageous, propitious for them. The Lesson of the Master, by Henry James She remembered her caller of the afternoon, and knew the moment was too propitious to let pass. The Valley of the Moon, by Jack London Yet I, born under a propitious star. The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow He avoided the company of either of his brothers, from an idea that the Dwarf was most propitious to those who visited him alone. The Black Dwarf, by Walter Scott December is so propitious to these shooting stars, that astronomers have counted as many as twenty-four thousand in an hour. From the Earth to the Moon... and... Round the Moon, by Jules Verne This was the 20th of June. The time was then propitious for sowing this single precious grain of corn. The Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne Hitherto the weather had been propitious for his journey. Michael Strogoff, by Jules Verne However, during the first week of April, after a sudden barometrical fall, a renewed rise was marked by a heavy gale of wind, lasting five or six days; then the needle of the instrument remained stationary at a height of twenty-nine inches and nine-tenths, and the weather appeared propitious for an excursion. The Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne

Augustine skilfully seized the auspicious moment; she threw herself into her husband's arms, and pointed to the portrait. At the Sign of the Cat and Racket, by Honore de Balzac There was nothing auspicious in the appearance of Danville, and no man might have said then that the place was to be the scene of portentous conventions which were to decide the destiny of a State. The Crossing, by Winston Churchill And now the old ships and their men are gone; the new ships and the new men, many of them bearing the old, auspicious names, have taken up their watch on the stern and impartial sea, which offers no opportunities but to those who know how to grasp them with a ready hand and an undaunted heart. The Mirror of the Sea, by Conrad Taking advantage of this auspicious moment, Mr. Guppy presents his friend under the impromptu name of Mr. Weevle and states the object of their visit. Bleak House, by Charles Dickens 'The fortunate youth, born under an auspicious star,' returned John Westlock, laughing; 'whose parents, or guardians, are destined to be hooked by the advertisement. Life And Adventures Of Martin Chuzzlewit, by Charles Dickens The town, which did not wish to be outdone, voted a like sum, which was placed in the hands of that notable body to solemnise the auspicious event. The Black Tulip, by Alexandre Dumas Everything looked auspicious for their spring campaign. The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, by Washington Irving Then the chief of the augurs covered Numa's head, and turned his face towards the south, and, standing behind him, laid his right hand on his head, and prayed, turning his eyes every way, in expectation of some auspicious signal from the gods. Plutarch's Lives, ed. by A.H. Clough What idiots they were, to be sure! Did they think she was the sort to cut old friends? She had come back just at the auspicious moment. Works by Emile Zola: Nana

Modern English Grammar ___ back

Смысловые различия между наречиями here и there соблюдаются при разговоре по телефону более строго: (AE: "But she's not here." "Not there?")

2. Различие между this / these и that / those состоит не только в их разной пространственной отнесенности, но и в обозначении ими разных направлений движения, в разной временной отнесенности, а также в передаче ими разных стилистических и семантических оттенков. Так, this и that могут употребляться для передачи разных направлений движения (независимо от расстояния между объектом и говорящим субъектом). Когда человек приближается к говорящему, его называют this man а когда он удаляется - that man. Например, одним из самых лаконичных анекдотов, популярных среди английских школьником в 50-е годы, был следующий шуточный репортаж о заезде известного автогонщика:

3. This / these и that / those используются для обозначения различных направлений не только в пространстве, но и втексте. This / these чаще используются для введения последующего высказывания, а that / those для обозначения уже васказанного:

Особым случаем является употребление this для введения персонажа устного рассказа: there was this Scotsman, you see. And he wanted… (Был один шотландец…).

PHRASES ___ back

[noun] - Равнина

[adverb] - 1. Ясно, вразумительно, разборчиво; 2. Явно, откровенно; 3. Совершенно, безусловно

[adjective] - 1. Ясный, понятный; 2. Простой, несложный; 3. Некрасивый; 4. Однотонный, одноцветный

in plain English- прямо (говорить) 1) "Can you, or can you not, tell me in plain English what you want?" 2) "In plain English, it's your sovereign will and pleasure, Miss Verinder, to jilt my son?" 3) It means, in plain English, that his heart is set on a woman. 4) 'What's the matter?' he asked in plain English. 'What are you frightened at?'

be plain with smb - сказать неприятную правду, быть откровенным 1) This forced me to be plain with her. 2) 'Well, madam, to be plain with you, if I was satisfied of that, I should not so much value what I lost; for, as to that, the temptation was great, and perhaps she was poor and wanted it.' 3) Mr Pancks, not to trespass on your grounds of mystery, I will be as plain with you as I can. Let me ask two questions.

plain sailing - легкий, простой путь 1) After that it was plain sailing, though as far as I could know, there might be most anything ahead of us, and my nerves strained to the snapping-point every instant. 2) He hired a room, and I hired one too. So far it was all plain sailing. He hadn't the remotest notion that anyone was on to him. 3) I say, Neelie, all this seems like plain sailing enough. + "If I could tell you that, it would be plain sailing. + Even so, it was not all plain sailing. + "Yes," said Kemp, "that is pretty plain sailing."4) "Odd things happen to one," said Arthur. "One goes along smoothly enough, one thing following another, and it's all very jolly and plain sailing

make it plain - выяснить, разъяснить 1) …touched his hand with her arm in a scarcely accidental manner, and made it plain by a look as ancient as Chaldea that he had found favour in her eyes. 2) I'll make it plain to you, so you can understand. 3) I put my hand on his shoulder, and I guess that my voice trembled a trifle as, while reproving him for his act, I made it plain to him that my gratitude was no less potent a force than his loyalty to me.

plain dealing - прямота, честность, откровенность 1) I am aware that he is only deceiving me for my own good. I prefer plain dealing. 2) This was plain dealing indeed, but it was very harsh to me, at least I thought it so. 3) "Troth, sir," said Alan, "I ask for nothing but plain dealing. In two words: do ye want the lad killed or kept?"

plain as a pikestaff - ясный как день 1) This very fact which was to them (and is to me) as plain as a pikestaff, is the very fact that has been specially diluted or denied. 2) "The case is as plain as a pikestaff, and the more one goes into it the plainer it becomes. 3) "Plain as a pikestaff to me," said Miss Howard shortly. "It shows clearly enough that my poor old friend had just found out she'd been made a fool of!"

it will be all plain sailing - все пойдет как по маслу He may think that, with you removed definitely and permanently, all will then be plain sailing for him in that direction.

as plain as the nose on one's face - совершенно ясно 1) Rosanna Spearman is not in the slightest danger of getting into trouble-- no, not if I fix her with being concerned in the disappearance of the Diamond, on evidence which is as plain as the nose on your face!" 2) You may be only a family of professional men now--I am not inquisitive: I don't ask questions of that kind; it is not in me to do so--but it is as plain as the nose in your face that there's your origin!

the plain truth is that - дело, просто, в том, что… ; совершенно очевидно, что… The plain truth is that the man's stained with every known human crime.

plain speaking - разговор начистоту 1) And if my plain speaking shall cost me any of the friends that I still count, I shall be sorry, but I need not be ashamed. 2) "Now then," she continued, as the doctor joined their party. "I don't quite know what I ought to say to you, Admiral. You want some very plain speaking to."

plain folks - простонародье "After all, is it not in the nature of plain folks to aspire to grandeur?" she asked, with a mischievous glance at Rodolphe and at her husband.

plain dealer - откровенный человек You don't suppose, I hope, that you are the only plain dealer in the world?

BUSINESS ___ back

Not there yet (part II)

REVIEW ___ back

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE обычно используется

1. В разговорной речи для выражения неограниченного времени пользуются глаголом get в Present Perfect (I've got = I have): Has your father got a motor car?; How many books have you got?; What long hair you've got?

2. Для выражения действий начавшихся в прошлом и продолжающихся вплоть до настоящего момента или даже захватывая его, причем, когда нет указаний на определенный момент времени или период: He has often been to Amsterdam. (Он часто бывает (бывал) в Амстердаме).

3. Для выражения действий и переживаний, время совершения которых не представляет интереса или точно не известно: Have you ever read the book?; Have you had any serious illness?; It has been known to snow here in May! (Известны случаи, когда в мае здесь шел снег); I have never known her to be angry. (Я никогда не видел ее сердитой); He has never had to punish his children. (Ему никогда не приходилось наказывать своих детей); She has been to Burma (Он бывал в Бирме).

4. Когда необходимо выразить результат от действия, имевшего место в прошлом, причем, нас интересует именно настоящее: I've come to school without my glasses (so now I can't see to read); The man has called for the rent (so now you will have to pay him); They have been out of work for several months (so now they are short of money).

5. Для выражения только что закончившегося действия. Для связи с настоящим временем употребляется just: He has just gone out; We've just finished our breakfast; It has just struck 12.

ARTICLES ___ back

Неопределенный и нулевой артикли. Неопределенный артикль имеет nominating, classifying, numeric and generalizing значения. Так как неопределенный артикль используется только с существительными в единственном числе, отсутствие артикля перед последними во множественном числе имеет схожие значения (за исключением the numeric meaning). Таким образом, отсутствие артикля является значимым и часто называется нулевым артиклем. Основное значение неопределенного артикля - обозначать с каким объектом (предметом, лицом и т.д.) субъект коммуникации имеет дело: He pushed a button in the wall; A man and a woman sat opposite us, but they did not talk. Другими словами, мы даем имя объекту, который желаем упомянуть. Это и есть the nominating meaning. Неопределенный артикль может относить объект к определенному классу подобных объектов. В этом заключается его the classifying meaning: Her brother was a student at Chaltreen College; His aunt, a woman of uncertain age, was also present at the ceremony; Sir William has always been a good neighbour to us. Разница между the nominative and the classifying meaning становится очевидной если мы преобразуем вышеприведенные примеры в соответствии с множественным числом. In the nominating meaning существительным во множественном числе предшествуют слова: some, several, a few или числительное: Two men, some boys and a few girls sat opposite us. In the classifying meaning существительным во множественном числе не могут предшествовать эти слова или числитель: Her brothers were students at Chaltreen College. Иногда значение единичности доминирует. В таких случаях мы можем говорить о the numeric meaning неопределенного артикля: A hour in the morning is worth two in the evening; He couldn't hear a word she spoke. Неопределенный артикль перед числительными hundred, thousand, million и существительными dozen and score всегда имеет the numeric meaning: A hundred or so men, women and children were sitting round the fire; He bought a dozen ties at Wollworth's. In the generalizing meaning неопределенный артикль иллюстрирует, что существительное рассматривается как типичный представитель к.л. класса объектов: A cat is a domestic animal (= Every cat is a domestic animal). Это же значение остается, если преобразовать этот пример в соответствии с множественным числом: Cats are domestic animals.

Определенный артикль. Используется как с существительными в единственном числе, так и во множественном. Определенный артикль имеет два значения: the specifying meaning и the generic meaning. In the specifying meaning определенный артикль означает, что существительное относится к определенному объекту (предмету, лицу и т.д.) или выделяется из всех остальных подобных в этом классе: Mr. Black followed the boy, but at a little distance; Conan punched the number - the call was answered on the first ring; Nothing was natural in the room except the plants. Определенный артикль используется in the generic meaning когда имеется ввиду целый класс объектов как одно целое (в дальнейшем этот вопрос будет затронут более подробно): The cat is a domestic animal.

NOTE: In the previous examples we can replace the cat by a cat or cats. However, there is a difference in meaning. The cat is used in an abstract sense - reference is made to the class of cats as a whole. When we say a cat, we mean what is normal or typical for any member of the class of cats. Therefore, replacement of the kind shown above is not always possible. For example, we can only say "A cat was domesticated many centuries ago", since the statement is true of the class of cats and not of any individual specimen of the class.

INTERESTING ___ back

Personal pronoun in the nominative case or noun + the infinitive

1. Со следующими глаголами в активном залоге: to appear, to happen, to prove, to seem, to turn out и др.: You seem to know everything; He didn't prove to be right; He happened to be there at that particular moment.
2. Со следующими глаголами в пассивном залоге: to believe, to consider, to expect, to hear, to know, to see, to suppose, to think, to describe, to report, to say, to advise, to allow, to ask, to make, to order, to permit, to tell, to notice, declare и другими, обозначающими физическое восприятие, принуждение, предположение, ожидание, чужой мнение: He is considered to be a clever boy; Children are supposed to obey their parents without question; You are said to be a good sportsman; I was made to do it; I was allowed to go for a walk; The girl was seen to dance; He was heard to quote Tolstoy; She is believed to have lived in Vienna for along time; He is said to be working on this report; The plane was reported to have laded safely; He was declared to have taken first prize; The conference was supposed to be making good progress (предполагалось, что конференция проходит успешно).

Personal pronoun in the objective case or noun + the infinitive

1. Со следующими глаголами: to want, to wish, should/would like и другими, выражающими желание или волеизъявление: What else would you like the elephant to do?; Your mother didn't expect you to meet me, did she?; I want you to stay; The driver wanted the car to be filled up; Do you really wish him to attend?; Do you really wished them to be invited; I would like you to hurry them up.
2. Со следующими глаголами: to advise, to allow, to ask, to order, to permit, to promise, to tell и другими, выражающими просьбу, совет, разрешение: I've decided to allow him to do as he pleases; He ordered his suitcases to be ready in the morning; He asked me to check the facts; He allowed them to carry out the experiment; She told me to find out about trains; The commander ordered them to ford the river.
3. Со следующими глаголами to know, to think, to believe, to expect, to consider, to suppose, to find и других глаголов, выражающих предположение: I don't believe it to be true; You can't consider this dog to be an angry one; We expect him to arrive tomorrow; We consider her [to be] a good singer; She considers herself to be a good singer.
4. Со следующими глаголами c инфинитивом без to: to see, to hear, to watch, to feel, to notice, to observe и другими со значением "физическое восприятие": I didn't notice you enter the room; I feel something touch my foot; I saw you help Mother cook the diner; Everybody heard him say it; Have you ever watched them play gold?; I saw him overtake the lorry; They noticed him press the button of the cassette recorder.
5. Со следующими глаголами c инфинитивом без to: to make, to let, to have: Make him put away the toys before he goes for a walk; Let me tell you a story; They made me repeat my story; What makes you suspect him?; Don't interrupt him. Let him talk; I'll have the secretary called up the embassy (я поручу секретарю позвонить в посольство; я скажу, чтобы секретарь позвонил в посольство).

PROVERBS ___ back

1. After a storm comes a calm - После бури наступает затишье. Здесь оптимистически утверждается, что, как после бури всегда приходит затишье, так и после житейских неприятностей обязательно наступает нечто лучшее.

2. All are not thieves that dogs bark at - Не всяк тот вор, на кого собака лает. Пословица призывает судить по людям не только по их внешности. Честный человек может производить впечатление самого отъявленного негодяя. Благопристойный вид не всегда связан с честностью, а отталкивающий - с прегрешениями. Другие подобные пословицы: Never judge by appearances- Не суди по внешности. Никогда не основывай свою точку зрения о человеке или о предмете только по его внешнему виду; Appearances are deceptive - Внешность обманчива; All that glitters is not gold - Не все то золото, что блестит. Не следует судить о вещах по их привлекательной внешности; Things are seldom what they seem - Внешность обманчива; The cowl does not make the monk - Ряса не делает монахом. Ношение одежды, принятой у монахов, еще не делает самого человека монахом; Clothes do not make the man - Одежда - еще не человек. Главное в человеке не одежда, а он сам, его характер. Противоположная мысль содержится в пословицах: Fine feathers make fine birds - Перья красят птицу. Зяблик куда красивее воробья, хотя они и происходят из одного семейства зябликовых. Подобно тому, как яркое оперение придает птице блеск - так и одежда позволяет человеку выглядеть более значительно, чем он есть на самом деле. Люди судят о нас по внешности, поэтому гораздо легче будет добиться успеха, если мы будем следить за собой; The tailor makes the man - Портной делает человека. Хорошая одежда может заставить человека выглядеть более внушительно, чем он есть на самом деле.

3. All good things come to an end - Всему хорошему приходит конец. Удовольствие не может длиться вечно, т.к. времена меняются, и даже лучшим друзьям приходится расставаться - The best of friends must part.

SYNTAX ___ back

Повествовательное предложение. [2] Средствами передачи иронии являются: 1) Инверсия: The children I'm raising - "Ну и дети у меня растут!"; 2) Инверсия в сочетании со словами типа fine, good, swell, excellent, precious, lovely, likely, much, которым предшествует определенный или нулевой артикль, а также инверсия + a (fat) lot of: A fined friend she turned out to be - "Хорошенькой подругой она оказалась!" При употреблении слов типа fine иронический оттенок сохраняется только при наличии всех трех характеристик (инверсии, слов типа fine и нулевого или неопределенного артикля). Сравните ироническое A fine product they put out! и простое this fine product we offer for sale. В последнем примере налицо две из названных трех характеристик: инверсия и употребление слова fine. Однако, значение определенности, привносимое местоимением this, делает данное высказывание неироническим. Сравните также ироническое A likely story! и A plausible story. Последний пример лишен иронии из-за того, что plausible не входит в список слов fine и т.д., за которыми закреплен иронический оттенок. Ироническому односоставному предложению A likely story! соответствует двусоставное предложение с инверсией A likely story that is, а неироническому односоставному предложению A plausible story соответствует двусоставное предложение с прямым порядком слов That is a plausible story. Предложение с инверсией A plausible story that is звучало бы не совсем естественно; 3) повтор + indeed: "Here's a nice scarf for you."-"A nice scarf indeed!"; 4) повтор существительного или личного местоимения + and + притяжательное местоимение + притяжательное местоимение или его повтор + повтор существительного: "I want my revenge."-"You and your revenge."

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http://www.chompchomp.com Грамматика английского языка: термины, правила, тесты и т.д.

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